JOYFULL Horses: Ten Things You Should Know About Cues: Number 10: Playing With Chains – Cues Evolve into Chains
What We Say
It’s ten p.m., an hour at which I should be heading off to bed, but I can’t leave yet. I’m sitting in the faculty lounge at the Clicker Expo. We’ve just come from dinner and a presentation by this year’s guest speaker. After a full day of presentations you would think we would all be ready to call it a night, but instead we’re just getting warmed up.
Around the table with me are Dr. Susan Friedman, Ken Ramirez, Eva Bertilsson, Kay Laurence, Dr. Jesús Rosales-Ruiz, and Laura Monico Torelli.
We are discussing terminology. Eva got the ball rolling with a question about chains. We are wrestling with the different definitions of chains that are in use.
Dr. Friedman is defining a chain from the perspective of a behavior analyst. A chain has a very narrow and very specific meaning. For a true chain, you give one cue that starts the process. The next behavior is triggered by an internal cue. It’s like dominoes. You push over the first block and all the rest follow.
This type of chain can be very elegant to watch. Imagine a series of agility obstacles set out in your arena. You give your horse a cue that sends him out to the first obstacle, a small jump. Just beyond the jump is a cone. Your horse spots the cone as he clears the jump. The cone itself serves as the cue for him to trot over to it, and pick it up. Nearby is a large bucket. He walks over to the bucket, drops the cone into the bucket. A few feet past the bucket is a large platform. Your horse now walks over to the platform, steps up onto it with all four feet, and lifts one foot high into the air while you click and run over with his treat.
That’s a technical chain.
Now imagine a different scenario. You send your horse out over the first jump. Just beyond the jump are two cones, a green one and a red one. As your horse jumps, you shout “green”. You’ve added a cue to tell your horse which cone he’s to pick up. He heads straight over to the green cone, but now there are more choices. Instead of one bucket, there are two identical ones, except one has a symbol of a circle painted on it, and the other a triangle. As he picks up the green cone, you shout “circle”. He walks over to the correct bucket and drops the cone in.
After this he again has more choices. There are two platforms, one to the right and one to the left of the buckets.
You shout “Left”, and he walks over to the platform that’s off his left shoulder and steps up on it.
If you are using scientific terminology, this very sophisticated series of behaviors is not a chain because you are cueing each one. It would be considered a sequence.
Our discussion rolled on around these two terms. We all understood the distinctions. The question was how fluid and flexible should we be with the language we use.
The Meaning of Words
In the field of learning theory scientists took for their own use many terms which already had a common-usage meaning. Punishment is a great example. When someone says we need to punish a child, a criminal, a terrorist, another country, the meaning is clear. There is a moral element to it. You don’t simply want to stop the behavior. You want to impose a penalty. You want the person to suffer in some way, to “pay” for his offense. You are punishing the individual, not the behavior.
When a behavioral analyst uses the term, the meaning is very different. There are no moral overtones of retribution. If you smack a horse for biting, and the behavior decreases, you can say that the smack punished the biting behavior. If the biting continues, the smack did not punish the behavior. It may have annoyed or even frightened the horse, but if the behavior of biting didn’t decrease, the smack wasn’t a punisher.
When scientists take words that are already in common usage and redefine them, we can get a muddled result. We also have confusion when scientists use words that we’re sort of familiar with, but not really.
A great example is operant conditioning.
That’s the big umbrella under which clicker training sits. Operant sounds like operator. And conditioning we understand from fitness programs. But what do those two words put together really mean?
Look at what else happens when scientists start combining words we thought we understood.
Consider the four quadrants of operant conditioning: there’s positive and negative reinforcement, positive and negative punishment.
Positive punishment!? Really.
Okay, the scientists explain. The positive means simply that something has been added. You’re adding something the horse doesn’t want and that stops the behavior, at least for the moment. You add the smack of your hand when your horse bites you.
That’s clear enough, except it’s hard not to feel the harsh “take that” edge when you even just think about smacking your horse. We can say we understand the plus and minus of the terms, but we still experience emotions we’ve come to associate with the words: positive equals good, negative equals bad. Of course people get confused by these terms! They understand them intellectually, but they experience them emotionally. The only term that matches up and creates no conflict in meaning is “positive reinforcement”. The rest get us into a real “knickers in a twist” state of confusion.
Negative Reinforcement
I was listening to the conversation, but I was also keeping an eye on my watch. Eleven o’clock. I had presentations to give the following day. I should be calling it a night. I decided to stay just a few more minutes.
Eva was asking more questions. Now we were talking about negative reinforcement, a subject that always gets my attention given it’s connection to horse training.
When horses are handled with conventional training methods, rope handling is a very clear example of negative reinforcement. The horse can avoid/escape the threat of escalating pressure by moving in the direction the handler wants. As the horse learns to obey, the pressure diminishes to a subtle command. The work looks soft, but the threat of escalation remains. The soft command tells the horse how to avoid the escalating pressure.
Often people watch the finished result and think the trainer is very soft and kind. This is very much a case of don’t judge a book by it’s cover. The handler can look gentle because the horse understands the threat of escalating pressure that’s hidden inside every soft request.
That’s very straight forward. If the handler is skilled, many horses thrive in this kind of system. They know what they need to do to stay out of trouble. There’s no guess work. The commands are clear, the consequences are swiftly applied. Respond well, the pressure goes away. Fail to respond, and it escalates. If you can figure out what is wanted – and if you can physically do it – you can stay out of trouble.
It’s easy to understand this kind of handling. It’s textbook negative reinforcement. And it’s also standard-issue horse training.
So what do we call it when the pressure doesn’t increase? When there is no threat of escalation, what is it?
I’ve always kept the use of the term negative reinforcement when I write about clicker-compatible rope handling. I do this in part because I want to remember our history. I want to remember where so many of the techniques that we use evolved from. I want to remember so I won’t ever be tempted to go back there.
I have always combined pressure and release of pressure with the clicker. You could say that I am simply piggy backing the clicker onto existing training systems, and that’s not really clicker training.
Perhaps, but it is a bridge. If I am working with a rider who has spent years perfecting her horse-handling skills, I don’t want to say: “Throw all that away. You won’t be using leads, or reins, or anything else you’re familiar with.” That’s a great way to lose someone before they’re even out of the starting gate.
But if I say the communication system you know still works, we’re just going to teach it very differently, that makes more sense. There’s still a huge learning curve, but I’m not going to begin by “throwing the baby out with the bath water.”
By the way do you know the derivation of that expression? Before the modern era of indoor plumbing, baths were a rarity. You brought water in and heated it for one bath. The patriarch of the household took his bath first, followed in rank by everyone else. The children would be the last ones to bathe. By the time it was the turn of the youngest babies, the water would be murky brown. You literally had to be careful not to throw the baby out with the bath water!
This derivation comes courtesy of the historian, Lucy Worsley and her wonderful book, “If Walls Could Talk, An Intimate History of the Home”.
Just as we still take baths – but my how they’ve changed – we still use lead ropes and other pressure cues in clicker training. But again – how things change when you take the threat away and make them clicker compatible!
Coming Next: Procedure versus The Emotional Effect
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